Geomagnetic storm: causes, effects and protection measures

Causes

The main causes of geomagnetic storms:

• Solar flares – powerful eruptions of energy from the Sun’s surface.

• Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) – massive plasma bursts directed toward Earth.

When these particles reach Earth, they disturb its magnetic field, triggering a geomagnetic storm.

Most Recent Event

The latest major geomagnetic storm was recorded on June 2, 2025. It was caused by a CME from solar active region AR3664 and reached G4 level. It disrupted GPS systems, radio communications, and flight navigation.

Effects

1. Technology

• GPS and satellite navigation errors.

• Power grid surges and potential outages.

• Disrupted radio signals.

2. Aviation

• Communication blackouts on polar routes.

• Increased risk for astronauts in space.

3. Health

• Sleep disorders, headaches, heart palpitations.

• Increased risk for people with cardiovascular issues.

4. Aurora (Northern Lights)

• Visible auroras in higher latitudes.

• In June 2025, auroras were seen as far south as central Canada and the northern U.S.

Protection Measures

• Continuous solar monitoring by NASA, NOAA, ESA.

• Public alerts and recommendations.

• Reinforcement of power and satellite systems.

• Personal care: rest, reduce screen time, and avoid stress.

Geomagnetic storms are powerful reminders of the Sun’s influence on Earth. With modern forecasting tools and awareness, their impacts can be minimized. Understanding their causes helps protect both infrastructure and personal well-being.